On the different schools of Goju-ryu.

by Ryan Gregory, February 11th, 2012

As a distinct martial art, karate-do (“empty hand way”) originated in Okinawa, in what was the Ryukyu Kingdom until it was annexed by Japan and became a prefecture in 1879. However, its roots extend much deeper into the past and make their way to early martial arts from China. It is only much more recently that karate moved from Okinawa to Japan, and subsequently to the rest of the world. Indeed, the specific styles of karate that we now recognize mostly originated in the first half of the 20th century.

The style of karate that I have studied in the past and recently returned to is Goju-ryu, or “hard-soft style”. It was created by Chojun Miyagi, who had been trained in Nahe-te (a fighting style endemic to Naha city) by Kanryo Higaonna, who in turn had trained in Chinese fighting arts including White Crane boxing from the Fujian province of China, which he studied under Ryu Ryu Ko.

There are plenty of histories of Okinawan karate and other martial arts available, so I won’t go into any more detail beyond the simplified story given above. For the purposes of this post, and for my training more broadly, I am interested in the distinctions that exist within the single style of Goju-ryu karate-do.

Chojun Miyagi died in 1953, and did not formally name a successor to the Goju-ryu style. There is controversy amongst some Goju-ryu practicioners in terms of who the rightful successor was and, by extension, which of his students best preserved the “true” Goju-ryu developed by the master.

I don’t think this is a question that can be settled easily, given the limited historical data available. And, in fact, I don’t think it’s particularly important in the larger picture. There are some notable differences in details among the styles developed and taught by Chojun Miyagi’s top students, but fundamentally I believe they all capture the core of the Goju-ryu style as it was orginally developed. The fact that two students who trained for many years with Chojun Miyagi could perform the same kata slightly differently is pretty compelling evidence that there is no single “true” Goju-ryu anymore, and perhaps there never was only one way to practice the style.

Within modern Goju-ryu, there are four main schools. Three of these stem directly from dojos opened in Okinawa by former students of Chojun Miyagi and as such they remain quite similar to each other. Of course, we would expect there to be some differences — the founders of these schools were masters in their own right, and each had something valuable to contribute to the further development of the style. The fourth, which I won’t discuss much here, is often referred to as “Japanese Goju-ryu” to distinguish it from the Okinawan schools. It was founded by Gogen Yamaguchi, who trained with Chojun Miyagi (and some of his students) for only a short period of time. As the story goes, Miyagi tasked Yamaguchi with spreading Goju-ryu in Japan, but I am not aware of documentation that shows this to be the case. We do know that Yamaguchi claimed to have been given a 10th-dan rank by Miyagi, but it is known that Miyagi never granted dan ranks to anyone. Whatever the case, Japanese Goju-ryu has become very popular, and Yamaguchi can be credited with bringing the style to the rest of the world.

When I first began training as an undergraduate student, the style happened to be Japanese Goju-ryu. Later, I began training in Okinawan Goju-ryu and ultimately I decided (as a green belt) not to return to the campus club but rather to continue training at the dojo in my hometown in the Okinawan style.  One of the most notable differences between Okinawan and Japanese Goju-ryu is that the latter tends to include flashier, more exaggerrated movements. I found it hard to imagine going back to that after learning more about the original style developed by Chojun Miyagi and the reason for small, efficient movements.

Now, back to the three main schools of Okinawan Goju-ryu. These are Jundokan, which was founded by Eiichi Miyazato; Shorei-kan, started by Seikichi Toguchi; and Meibukan, developed by Meitoku Yagi. Again, these literally represented different schools — new dojos opened by Miyagi’s pupils after his death. Jundokan (“House in which we follow in the master’s footsteps”) was the form of Okinawan Goju-ryu in which I trained previously. I am currently training in Meibukan (“House of the pure-minded warrior”). Unfortunately, I know little about Shorei-kan (“House of politeness and respect”), but I will spend some time on this blog discussing what I learn are differences between Jundokan and Meibukan Goju-ryu. I have already seen quite a few, but again, these tend to be relatively minor overall and it is not the case that one is correct and the other incorrect. By way of analogy, they are akin to regional dialects rather than being like the use of correct vs. incorrect grammar.

The different branches of Goju-ryu. Click for larger image.

So, what are some of the differences between Jundokan and Meibukan Goju-ryu? Here are some initial observations:

1) Differences in walking basics. In Jundokan, the middle block (chudan uke) was different from the low block (gedan uke). For those who know what I am talking about, the middle block in Jundokan is the one used in Gekisai ichi. In Meibukan, they’re both basically gedan uke but the stance differs. Also, in Meibukan we do not include side kicks (yoko geri), roundhouse kicks (mawashi geri), or back kicks (ushiro geri) in walking basics, only front kicks (mae geri). However, we do practice these other kicks in bag work. There is also a shuto block in Meibukan that is new to me that was absent in the Jundokan walking basics.

2) Differences in kata order. This is one of the big differences, as shown in the table below.

 

Having trained in Jundokan, I am missing some kata that are learned earlier in Meibukan (e.g., Tensho, Shi Sho Shin), but I also learned Seienchin as a blue belt whereas this is a 2nd-dan black belt kata in Meibukan.

3) Differences in Sanchin kata. In Jundokan, there are two versions of Sanchin kata. Sanchin Ichi is learned as an orange belt and does not include any turns. It’s three steps forward and three steps back. This version was developed by Chojun Miyagi, though sources differ as to why he altered the kata. For example, some suggest that in his later years he was confined to sitting in a chair while his students trained, and they had to perform the kata without turning their backs on him. I don’t think this makes much sense, because most of the other kata involve turning as well. Another story is that Miyagi demonstrated the kata for the Emperor of Japan, and had to change it so as not to turn his back at any stage. Whatever the explanation, this version of the kata is learned first and later the more complex Sanchin Ni, which is the kata taught to Miyagi by Kanryo Higaonna, is a brown belt kata. In Meibukan, there is only one Sanchin kata (the original version with the turns), and it is learned right at the white belt level. Luckily for me, I learned Sanchin Ni as a brown belt, so it’s familiar.  Historically, I think Sanchin was taught early by Miyagi to his students and they had to work on it for several years before learning another kata (and which one they learned next varied from student to student). Note, however, that these students were training every day for several hours rather than for an hour twice per week. Sanchin is fundamental to all schools of Okinawan Goju-ryu, but whether one learns it early (as was done in Miyagi’s school) or later (i.e., when a student is more likely to understand it and execute it properly) is probably incidental in the long run. Still, it’s interesting to see white belts in Meibukan being taught what is a brown belt kata in Jundokan.

4) Differences in additional kata. This is another significant difference. Meitoku Yagi, the founder of Meibukan Goju-ryu, developed a series of kata that are unique to the school. Having only recently begun training in Meibukan, I obviously do not know any of them, but I have seen some performed. They appear to be more heavily inspired by Chinese arts, emphasizing softer, circular movements. I understand that they are also complementary, in that the attack moves in one correspond to the defensive moves in another. They’re very intriguing, and I look forward to learning them in due course. On the other hand, there were some non-Goju kata required in my Jundokan dojo that are not part of the Meibukan syllabus. The afore-mentioned Sanchin Ichi, for example, but also Bassai Dai (a Shotokan kata) and a bo kata (Ten U No Kon), which were required for green and blue belt, respectively.  I’m working on remembering these kata even though they aren’t part of the school in which I am now training.

5) Differences in some moves within kata.  There are noticeable differences even in the first moves of one of the first kata. In Gekisai ichi and Gekisai ni, there is a high block and then a punch in the opening moves. In Jundokan, this is a high punch whereas in Meibukan and Shorei-kan it is a middle punch. The moves with a kiai also differ. In Jundokan, the kiai are on the reverse punches. In Meibukan, they are on the kicks and the shutos.

There are some more subtle differences as well, such as the way cat stance (neko ashi dachi) is performed, in some of the moves in Saifa (e.g., a jump into the kick position in Meibukan), and the inclusion of a small attack move at the very end of Sanchin that is not done in the Jundokan kata.

It’s very nice to be back in a dojo, and I am certainly enjoying the opportunity to learn another slightly different variant of Okinawan Goju-ryu. Thankfully it is very similar in general to what I had learned before, but there are also enough distinctions to keep it especially interesting. I’ll share more of these as I discover them.

 

Old photos found!

by Ryan Gregory, February 10th, 2012

My Mom kindly went through her photo albums and scanned various pictures for me. Here’s a compilation with ranks from white to blue belt. I was much skinnier then. And I had long hair at one point. Oh, and my glasses were pretty big.

Back in the Gi.

by Ryan Gregory, February 9th, 2012

Well, here I am, a white belt. Again.  It’s been about 15 years since I last trained in the martial arts, and more than 17 years since I wore the white obi of a beginner.

I started training in karate as a first-year undergraduate at McMaster University along with a couple of friends. I had always been fascinated by the martial arts, but never actually went so far as to join a dojo until then. There was a club on campus, which made it pretty easy to give it a try.

If you are at all familiar with karate, you’ll know that there are various styles (ryu) that differ in their historical development and in the types of fighting techniques that they emphasize. The club at McMaster happened to be in the Japanese Goju-ryu style (more on this later).

Goju means “hard-soft”, which reflects the style’s emphasis on balancing “hard” techniques (such as powerful blocks and strikes) and “soft” techniques (for example, more circular movements and blocks typical of Chinese arts).  I didn’t know enough to appreciate the subtleties of the style — it was simply the one that was offered on campus. However, as I continued to train, I came to greatly value the philosophy and approach of the style.

I trained at McMaster for two semesters and managed to earn my yellow belt and then my orange belt in that time. Like most students, I went home in the summer; fortunately, there was a Goju-ryu dojo in my hometown and I started attending classes there under Sensei Clarence Stewart.

The dojo in Orillia practiced Goju-ryu, but in this case it was traditional Okinawan Goju-ryu rather than the Japanese version. There are significant differences between Okinawan and Japanese Goju-ryu. When I returned to McMaster after the summer, I intended to join the campus karate club again but soon realized that I did not want to go back to the Japanese style after having trained in the Okinawan style. So, rather than joining the McMaster club, I continued to train at home on weekends and holiday breaks, and trained intensively in the summers.

I earned my green belt in the Okinawan Goju-ryu dojo, then my blue belt, and finally my brown belt. I attended both the advanced classes and the junior belt classes, and I even helped with teaching the kids classes during the summer. I had also become Sensei Stewart’s uke — the guy who gets thrown around a lot in class and at demonstrations. I think it was partly because I’m fairly tall (6′) and my Sensei was able to throw me to great effect with his lower centre of gravity. In any case, it helped me to become proficient at breakfalls and to learn first hand which techniques worked really well (i.e., hurt the most).

By the time I was a brown belt, I was heading into my senior year at university and becoming more and more occupied with my studies, especially since I was starting to do independent research. In fact, my senior thesis became pretty all-consuming that year. I decided that I did not want to be a black belt unless I could continue to train seriously and to live up to the rank. So I made the decision to stop training and to focus on my studies and research.

That decision has worked out well. I earned my PhD from the University of Guelph in 2002 and worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the American Museum of Natural History in New York and the Natural History Museum in London, UK. I came back to Guelph in 2005 as an Assistant Professor, and was granted tenure and a promotion to Associate Professor in 2010.

Needless to say, teaching undergraduate courses, training graduate students, writing scientific papers and grant proposals, reviewing manuscripts, and serving on departmental committees is more than enough to fill up my time.  So why get back into karate? Why now?

I think deep down I always thought I might go back to it. Witness the fact that I kept my old gi and student manual and other gear the entire time. I have often felt like I missed it, but academic life is very demanding and I had a lot on my plate all the time. So what has changed? Well, I have tenure now, which takes some of the pressure off in terms of establishing one’s research program. The workload definitely is not lighter (actually, it’s heavier), but the pre-tenure years of a junior professor are quite intense.

I also know what I am doing now in both teaching and research — early on, there is a lot to learn and one has no prior resources upon which to call. (I literally got 2-3 hours of sleep per night for 2 months straight the first time I taught a course. This doesn’t happen anymore because now I have a large collection of teaching materials that I can use. I also know a lot more about how to design a new course than I did back then.) There is also the significant factor that I am now a husband and a father, and some of my priorities have shifted accordingly. Finally, as I get older it’s clear that I need to find some sort of physical activity that I won’t mind doing regularly — and I loathe exercise for its own sake because I find it mind-numbingly boring.

As it turns out, there is a well-established Okinawan Goju-ryu dojo in Guelph, led by Sensei Mark Matthews. I have now been training for a few weeks at the new dojo and already I can tell it’s a tight-knit club with a very high standard of training and a dedicated group of students at all ranks, including several skilled black belts who are quite generous with their time and knowledge. I can tell you that I am extremely rusty, I’m not nearly as flexible as I used to be, and I have forgotten some details of the kata that I used to perform regularly, but it’s starting to come back. There are some differences in the specific techniques and the kata in this particular branch of Goju-ryu, but I think I will be able to adjust pretty quickly since it’s been so long since I practiced the other versions regularly.

Given how long it has been since I last trained, I am starting over at white belt.  I look forward to working my way up through the ranks. Again.

This blog is just a place for me to write about my thoughts and experiences as I get back into the gi. (Not the same gi, mind you — I have gotten a fair bit, um, “taller” since I was in my 20’s). I also have an opportunity to reflect on the subtle differences that exist between different branches of Goju-ryu, which appeals nicely to my academic side.  Plus, I’ll be keeping notes as I go along anyway, so I might as well share them in case they are of use to other students.